International Relations Theories

International Relations Theories in the Post-WWII Interdependent Globalized World

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the world witnessed unprecedented changes and challenges that paved the way for a new international order. As nations strived to prevent another global conflict, they became increasingly interdependent, both politically and economically. The theories of International Relations (IR) have not only interpreted these transformations but also influenced the shaping of the post-war world. This essay delves into the key IR theories and their real-life implications in our interdependent globalized era.

Realism has always emphasized the role of power politics and the inherent anarchic nature of international relations. The Cold War era was a testament to realist principles, where two superpowers, the US and the USSR, sought to maintain a balance of power. The arms race, formation of alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact), and proxy wars were manifestations of realist thought, showcasing states' pursuit of national interests and security in a bipolar world.

Contrastingly, Liberalism has championed the potential for international cooperation and the rule of law. In the post-WWII landscape, liberalism's ideals were evident in the formation of the United Nations, aimed at fostering global peace and cooperation. The Bretton Woods institutions, like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, also exemplified liberal principles by promoting economic cooperation and development. Moreover, the increasing interdependence resulting from globalization has further buttressed liberal arguments about the mutual benefits of international cooperation.

Constructivism offers a unique lens, suggesting that international politics are shaped by beliefs, norms, and identities rather than just material power. The spread of democracy, human rights norms, and the international taboo against the use of chemical weapons can be seen through a constructivist lens, emphasizing the role of ideational factors in shaping state behavior.

The post-war era also witnessed the rise of multinational corporations and a global capitalist system. Marxism in IR has critiqued this system, arguing that it perpetuates global inequality. Events such as the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and critiques against neocolonialism can be understood through a Marxist perspective, emphasizing the inherent imbalances and exploitation in the global economic order.

Feminism in IR, while more recent, has had a profound impact, shedding light on the often overlooked gendered dimensions of global politics. The inclusion of women in peacekeeping efforts and the recognition of gender-based violence as a weapon of war (e.g., UN Resolution 1325) show the practical implications of feminist theory.

Lastly, the increasing environmental challenges of the modern world have brought Green Theory to the forefront. As nations grapple with climate change, the Paris Agreement and global sustainability efforts underscore the need for international cooperation, as envisaged by Green Theory.

In conclusion, the post-WWII interdependent globalized world has been significantly influenced by the tenets of IR theories. From the power dynamics of the Cold War to the cooperative endeavors of the United Nations and the global challenges of climate change, these theories offer valuable insights, making sense of the past and potentially guiding the future.

1. Realism:

• Origins: The roots of realism can be traced back to ancient texts, such as Thucydides' "History of the Peloponnesian War". In the 20th century, this perspective was developed as a response to the inter-war period and World War II.
• Evolution: Hans Morgenthau's "Politics Among Nations" (1948) posited that power was the main driving force in international politics. Later, Kenneth Waltz's "Theory of International Politics" (1979) introduced structural realism (or neorealism), emphasizing the anarchic structure of the international system.
• Main Premise: The international system is anarchic, meaning there's no central authority. States are the primary actors, and they act based on their own national interests, mainly security and power.
• Key Concepts: Balance of power, state sovereignty, national interest, security dilemma.
• Notable Thinkers: Thucydides, Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz.

2. Liberalism (often referred to as Liberal Internationalism or Neoliberalism):

• Origins: The ideas can be traced back to the Enlightenment thinkers like Immanuel Kant. Post-WWI, there was an optimistic belief that international organizations like the League of Nations could prevent wars.
• Evolution: After WWII, the establishment of the United Nations and Bretton Woods institutions signaled a hope for institutional cooperation. The late 20th century saw neoliberalism emphasize institutions and interdependence even more.
• Main Premise: Cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, especially through international institutions and organizations.
• Key Concepts: Interdependence, democracy, international institutions, rule of law.
• Notable Thinkers: Woodrow Wilson, Immanuel Kant, Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye.

3. Constructivism:

• Origins: Emerged in the 1980s as a critique of the dominant paradigms (realism and liberalism) which often ignored the influence of ideational factors.
• Evolution: Alexander Wendt's "Anarchy is What States Make of It" (1992) argued that anarchy's meaning is socially constructed, and the behavior of states is shaped by their identities and interests.
• Main Premise: International relations are socially constructed, meaning that the core aspects of international relations are shaped by the beliefs, identities, and norms of the actors.
• Key Concepts: Social norms, identity, discourse, non-material power.
• Notable Thinkers: Alexander Wendt, Nicholas Onuf.

4. Marxism:

• Origins: Derived from the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century, who focused on class struggle and capitalism.
• Evolution: In IR, this perspective was enriched by the dependency theory (which claimed that global capitalism perpetuated inequalities) and world systems theory by Immanuel Wallerstein.
• Main Premise: International relations are determined by the global capitalist system and the economic structures therein.
• Key Concepts: Imperialism, class struggle, dependency theory, world systems theory.
• Notable Thinkers: Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Immanuel Wallerstein.

5. English School:

• Origins: Developed in British institutions in the mid-20th century as a middle ground between realism and liberalism.
• Evolution: Hedley Bull's "The Anarchical Society" (1977) posited that states form a society with shared rules and norms despite the anarchic system.
• Main Premise: There exists a society of states at the international level, which agrees on certain common values and shared interests.
• Key Concepts: International society, international system, world society.
• Notable Thinkers: Hedley Bull, Martin Wight.

6. Feminism:

• Origins: Emerged in the 1980s and 1990s alongside the broader feminist movement, challenging the male-dominated discourse in IR.
• Evolution: Cynthia Enloe's "Bananas, Beaches and Bases" (1989) highlighted how international politics is affected by gender dynamics at various levels.
• Main Premise: International relations have been historically male-dominated, and gendered perspectives can reveal important insights.
• Key Concepts: Gender hierarchy, patriarchy, gendered security.
• Notable Thinkers: Cynthia Enloe, J. Ann Tickner.

7. Critical Theory:

• Origins: Has roots in the Frankfurt School of the early 20th century. Emphasizes critique and transformation of societal structures.
• Evolution: Robert Cox's "Production, Power, and World Order" (1987) critiqued traditional IR theories and emphasized the need for transformative politics. - Main Premise: One should be critical of the prevailing social and power structures, and seek emancipatory change in international relations.
• Key Concepts: Emancipation, hegemony, transformative politics.
• Notable Thinkers: Robert Cox, Andrew Linklater.

8. Postmodernism:

• Origins: Influenced by postmodernist movements in other disciplines during the late 20th century.
• Evolution: Challenges meta-narratives in IR and focuses on the micro-level discourses and their implications. Richard Ashley's works in the 1980s exemplified postmodern critique in IR.
• Main Premise: Meta-narratives and traditional structures need to be deconstructed to understand the multiplicities of international interactions.
• Key Concepts: Deconstruction, discourse, power/knowledge.
• Notable Thinkers: Michel Foucault, Richard Ashley.

9. Green Theory:

• Origins: Emerged in the late 20th century alongside increasing global environmental awareness.
• Evolution: Focuses on the global ecological crisis, environmental security, and the role of international actors in addressing ecological challenges.
• Main Premise: International relations should be analyzed in the context of the global ecological crisis and the politics of the environment.
• Key Concepts: Environmental security, sustainable development, global commons.
• Notable Thinkers: Robyn Eckersley.